Six new antibodies developed to combat Zika

The antibodies "may have the dual utility as diagnostics capable of recognising Zika virus subtypes and may be further developed to treat Zika virus infection," said Ravi Durvasula from Loyola University in the US.

Antibodies could be key to diagnosing and treating Zika virus. (Representational image)

Researchers, including one of Indian origin, have developed six Zika virus antibodies which may help diagnose as well as treat the mosquito-borne disease that has infected over 1.5 million people worldwide.

The antibodies “may have the dual utility as diagnostics capable of recognising Zikavirus subtypes and may be further developed to treat Zika virus infection,” said Ravi Durvasula from Loyola University in the US.

Zika is spread mainly by mosquitos. Most infected people experience no symptoms or mild symptoms such as a rash, mild fever and red eyes.

However, infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriages, stillbirths and severe birth defects such as microcephaly, said Adinarayana Kunamneni, a research assistant professor at Loyola University.

There is no effective vaccine or drug to treat the disease, said Kunamneni, senior author of the study published in the journal PLOS ONE.

“The recent Zika virus outbreak is a health crisis with global repercussions,” said Durvasula.

“Rapid spread of the disease within the epidemic regions, coupled with migration of infected persons, has underscored the need for rapid, robust and inexpensive diagnostic tools and therapeutics,” he said.

Antibodies could be key to diagnosing and treating Zika virus. An antibody is a Y-shaped protein made by the immune system.

When a virus, bacterium or other pathogen invades the body, antibodies bind to antigens associated with the bug, marking it for the immune system to destroy.

Using a technology called ribosome display, researchers generated six synthetic antibodies that bind to the Zika virus.

The antibodies, which are inexpensive to produce, could be used in a simple filter paper test to detect the Zika virus in the field.

If the filter paper turns colour, the Zika virus is present.

Since the Zika virus is evolving, it’s useful to have six different antibodies.

In the event the virus mutates, it’s likely at least one of the antibodies still would match the virus and thus could still be used in diagnosis and treatment.

An antibody-based test for the Zika virus likely would be cheap and fast, and thus could easily be used to monitor mosquito populations for Zika.

If the virus is present in an area, officials could respond by stepping up mosquito-abatement efforts.

They also could educate the public — especially women who are pregnant or could become pregnant — on how to avoid mosquito bites by applying mosquito repellent, wearing long pants and long-sleeve shirts, eliminating standing water, etc.

The antibodies are “neutralising,” meaning that when they bind to the Zika virus, they prevent the virus from infecting cells.

This effectively renders the virus harmless. The neutralising property potentially could lead to the development of a drug that an at-risk woman could take to prevent the virus from infecting her foetus.

Refrence Material:

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/six-new-antibodies-developed-to-combat-zika-5473222/

लूलू और नाने दुनिया की पहली जीन सम्पादित जुड़वां हैं जिनका जन्म नवंबर मॉस में चीन के एक प्रांत में हुआ है।दुनिया भर में इस शोध के खिलाफ इस बिना पर इस आशंका से विरोध मुखर हुआ है ,कि इस शोध से परिवारों में चलने वाले लाइलाज बने रोगों के अलावा दुस्साध्य रोगों की दिशा में तो कोई प्रगति हुई नहीं है जबकि एचआईवी -एड्स का अब प्रभावी इलाज़ भी हो रहा है। ऐसे में यह संभावना बलवती हो गई है कि ख़ास गुण -धर्म प्रवृत्ति वाली संतान की चाहना शोध को किसी भी दिशा में ले जा सकती है।कोई सिर्फ खिलाड़ी ही पैदा करना चाहेगा कोई संगीतकार और अगर एक और ट्रम्प चला आया ,किम जोंग चला आया तब क्या ? जीवन इकाइयां समूह में ही अपना काम अंजाम देती हैं। एक जीन में फेरबदल अर्थ का अनर्थ कर सकती है। पूरे जीन -पूल में खलबली डाल सकती है जिसके परिणामों की कल्पना भी करना मुमकिन नहीं है।

लूलू और नाने (नैना ,नाणा ,नना )दुनिया की पहली जीन सम्पादित जुड़वां हैं जिनका जन्म नवंबर मॉस में चीन के एक प्रांत में हुआ है।
समझा जाता है इनके माता -पिता एचआईवी संक्रमित थे इसलिए संतान पैदा करने से बचते रहे थे। चीन में तकरीबन पांच से लेकर पंद्रह लाख एचआईवी -एड्स पॉज़िटिव लोग हैं जो इस सामाजिक अभिशाप से जूझ रहे हैं ,सामाजिक उपेक्षा का निशाना बनते रहे हैं। 

डॉ हे जिअन्कुई ने अपनी इस उपलब्धि की घोषणा तब की है जबकि होन्ग कोंग में मानवीय जीन सम्पादन पर अंतर्-राष्ट्रीय बैठक शुरू होने को है। इसी बरस अगस्त माह के आखिरी दिनों में आपने न्यूयॉर्क की एक लेब में नौ दम्पतियों के भ्रूण पुनर -रोपण से पहले ही सम्पादित करने का अपना काम प्रस्तुत किया था। सम्पादित जीन का नाम था :CCR5 GENE 

उल्लेखित जुड़वाओं के मामले में भी आपने क्रिस्पर -सास ९(Crispr-Cas 9) के इस्तेमाल से सीसीआर ५ जीवन इकाई का सम्पादन कर दोनों भ्रूण को एचआईवी इन्फेक्शन प्रतिरोधी बना दिया है। 

गौर तलब है CCR 5 ही वह जीन (जीवन खंड या खानदानी इकाई )है जो वही प्रोटीन तैयार करती है जिसका इस्तेमाल एचआईवी -एड्स विषाणु (वायरस )मानवीय कोशिकाओं में घुस पैठ के लिए करता है। इस जीवन इकाई को  अक्षम बना दिया गया है डॉ हे ने । 

डॉ. हे जिअन्कुई ,'सदर्न यूनिवर्सिटी आफ साइंस एन्ड टेक्नोलॉजी' में असोशिएट प्रोफ़ेसर हैं इस शोध का विरोध होने पर उन्हें निलंबित कर दिया गया है। हालाकि आप कहते हैं :शेन्ज़ीन हार्मोनिकारे अस्पताल की नीतिशास्त्र संबंधी समिति से आप ने इस शोध के लिए अनुमति ली थी तभी यह कार्य संपन्न किया है लेकिन अस्पताल इससे मुकर रहा है। 

चीन में इस प्रकार की शोध प्रतिबंधित नहीं है। सामाजिक स्वीकृति कमोबेश इस शोध को हासिल है ऐसा कई सर्वेक्षणों से खुलासा हुआ है। 

दुनिया भर में इस शोध के खिलाफ इस  बिना पर इस आशंका से विरोध मुखर हुआ है ,कि इस शोध से परिवारों में चलने वाले लाइलाज बने रोगों के अलावा दुस्साध्य रोगों की दिशा में तो कोई प्रगति हुई नहीं है जबकि एचआईवी -एड्स का अब प्रभावी इलाज़ भी हो रहा है। ऐसे में यह संभावना बलवती हो गई है कि ख़ास गुण -धर्म प्रवृत्ति वाली संतान की चाहना शोध को किसी भी दिशा में ले जा सकती है।कोई सिर्फ खिलाड़ी ही पैदा करना चाहेगा कोई संगीतकार और अगर एक और ट्रम्प चला आया ,किम जोंग चला आया तब क्या ? 

जीवन इकाइयां समूह में ही अपना काम अंजाम देती हैं। एक जीन में फेरबदल अर्थ का अनर्थ कर सकती है। पूरे जीन -पूल में खलबली डाल सकती है जिसके परिणामों की कल्पना भी करना मुमकिन नहीं है। 
The researcher, He Jiankui, offered no evidence or data to back up his assertions. If true, some fear the feat could open the door to “designer babies.”

A microplate from Chinese scientist He Jiankui’s lab, containing embryos whose genes have been edited. Dr. He’s announcement prompted a statement from a group of 122 scientists condemning his actions as “crazy.”CreditCreditMark Schiefelbein/Associated Press

Ever since scientists created the powerful gene editing technique Crispr, they have braced apprehensively for the day when it would be used to create a genetically altered human being. Many nations banned such work, fearing it could be misused to alter everything from eye color to I.Q.

Now, the moment they feared may have come. On Monday, a scientist in China announced that he had created the world’s first genetically edited babies, twin girls who were born this month.

The researcher, He Jiankui, said that he had altered a gene in the embryos, before having them implanted in the mother’s womb, with the goal of making the babies resistant to infection with H.I.V. He has not published the research in any journal and did not share any evidence or data that definitively proved he had done it.

But his previous work is known to many experts in the field, who said — many with alarm — that it was entirely possible he had.

“It’s scary,” said Dr. Alexander Marson, a gene editing expert at the University of California in San Francisco.

While the United States and many other countries have made it illegal to deliberately alter the genes of human embryos, it is not against the law to do so in China, but the practice is opposed by many researchers there. A group of 122 Chinese scientists issued a statement calling Dr. He’s actions “crazy” and his claims “a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science.”

If human embryos can be routinely edited, many scientists, ethicists and policymakers fear a slippery slope to a future in which babies are genetically engineered for traits — like athletic or intellectual prowess — that have nothing to do with preventing devastating medical conditions.

While those possibilities might seem far in the future, a different concern is urgent and immediate: safety. The methods used for gene editing can inadvertently alter other genes in unpredictable ways. Dr. He said that did not happen in this case, but it is a worry that looms over the field.

Dr. He made his announcement on the eve of the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong, saying that he had recruited several couples in which the man had H.I.V. and then used in vitro fertilization to create human embryos that were resistant to the virus that causes AIDS. He said he did it by directing Crispr-Cas9 to deliberately disable a gene, known as CCR₅, that is used to make a protein H.I.V. needs to enter cells.

Dr. He said the experiment worked for a couple whose twin girls were born in November. He said there were no adverse effects on other genes.

In a video that he posted, Dr. He said the father of the twins has a reason to live now that he has children, and that people with H.I.V. face severe discrimination in China.

Dr. He’s announcement was reported earlier by the MIT Technology Review and The Associated Press.

In an interview with the A.P. he indicated that he hoped to set an example to use genetic editing for valid reasons. “I feel a strong responsibility that it’s not just to make a first, but also make it an example,” he told the A.P. He added: “Society will decide what to do next.”

It is highly unusual for a scientist to announce a groundbreaking development without at least providing data that academic peers can review. Dr. He said he had gotten permission to do the work from the ethics board of the hospital Shenzhen Harmonicare, but the hospital, in interviews with Chinese media, denied being involved. The university that he is attached to, the Southern University of Science and Technology, said it suspended Dr. He in February because the school of biology believed that his project “is a serious violation of academic ethics and academic norms,” according to the state-run Beijing News.

Many scientists in the United States were appalled.

“I think that’s completely insane,” said Shoukhrat Mitalipov, director of the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Science University. Dr. Mitalipov broke new ground last year by using gene editing to successfully remove a dangerous mutation from human embryos in a laboratory dish.

Dr. Mitalipov said that unlike his own work, which focuses on editing out mutations that cause serious diseases that cannot be prevented any other way, Dr. He did not do anything medically necessary. There are other ways to prevent H.I.V. infection in newborns.

Just three months ago, at a conference in late August on genome engineering at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, Dr. He presented work on editing the CCR₅ gene in the embryos of nine couples.

World’s First Gene-Edited Babies Born This Month, Researcher Says

By The Associated Press

The researcher, He Jiankui of China, who claims he helped alter the DNA of twin girls born this month, said the world “has moved on to the stage for embryo gene editing.”Published OnNov. 26, 2018CreditCreditMark Schiefelbein/Associated Press

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/26/health/gene-editing-babies-china.html

Type 2 diabetes affects nearly 7,000 young people in the UK

More than one-third of children in England are obese or overweight by the time they leave primary school.

London (CNN)Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adults, but a recent analysis has found a startling uptick among the under-25s. A rise in obesity is believed to be the main driver behind the rise.

The new figures show that 6,836 people under the age of 25 in England and Wales were reported to have the chronic condition in 2016-17, based on numbers treated in pediatric hospital units and primary care practices.

Type 2 diabetes is much more aggressive in children and young people than in adults, according to the charity Diabetes UK, which released the data Thursday, leading to a higher risk of complications, such as amputations, sight loss, stroke and kidney failure.

The bulk of the cases were young people in puberty or just after puberty, said Libby Dowling, Diabetes UK's senior clinical adviser.

40 million people with diabetes will be left without insulin by 2030, study predicts

The disease occurs when the body fails to produce enough insulin or the cells do not use insulin properly. It is linked to older age, obesity, family history and ethnic background. According to Diabetes UK, more than 3.6 million people in the UK have diabetes -- about 5% of the population.

It usually develops over the age of 40 in white Europeans or after 25 in people who are African-Caribbean, black or South Asian, according to Diabetes UK.

Although Type 2 diabetes does occur among children and adolescents, cases are still rare. But it is being diagnosed more frequently, current data suggest. Being overweight or obese significantly increases the risk of developing the condition.

"All the children diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes are overweight and obese," Dowling said. "That is not whole story. There are other risks like family history, and they are more likely to come from black or South Asian backgrounds, where the risk is higher."

Ban freakshakes containing 'grotesque' levels of sugar, say campaigners

The charity warns that more than a third of children in England are overweight or obese by the time they leave primary school, meaning thousands more could be diagnosed with Type 2 in the next few years.

"And a lot of children diagnosed with Type 2 have other health problems too, like high blood pressure and the beginnings of liver problems. That is a concern," Dowling said.

Diabetes UK is calling on the British government to ban junk food advertising on television before 9 p.m. and restrict supermarket price promotions for unhealthy foods, measures that were laid out in the government's 2016 childhood obesity plan.

It is also calling for the country's health service to improve care services and provide appropriate support for children and young people.

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"In recent decades, countries such as the US and UK have seen large increases in the number of people with Type 2 diabetes," Azeem Majeed, professor and head of the primary care and public health department at Imperial College London, said in a statement. "Most of these cases have been among older people but we are now also seeing an increasing number of cases of Type 2 diabetes among younger people.

"Reversing the increase in Type 2 diabetes is not easy," he added. "It requires action by individuals, and also by governments and societies."

Worldwide, the number of people living with all types of diabetes has quadrupled since 1980, to around 422 million, according to the World Health Organization.

In the US, 30.3 million people have diabetes, about 9.4% of the population. Of this number, 7.2 million are undiagnosed.

"राजस्थान में पचत्तीस ..... पिचत्तिस लाख बे -रोज़गार लोग हैं "-'भारतीय राजनीति के राहु' शहज़ादा राहुल

भारतीय राजनीति का राहु (राहुल )एक करामाती बच्चा है जिसने रातों रात वैयाकरणचार्य भी पैदा कर दिए जो ये पुष्ट करते हैं के हिंदी भाषा के शब्दों की तरह अंकगणित के अंकों के भी पर्यायवाची अंक होते हैं :

इस व्याकरण के आचार्य के मुताबिक़ पच्चीस का पर्याय -वाची अंक है छत्तीस और संयुक्त रूप है पिचत्तिस जिसे कुछ क्षेत्रों में पचत्तीस ( पचत्तिस )भी कहा  जाता है।पता नहीं क्यों नेहरुपंथी अप-शिष्ट कांग्रेस के  अपने ही लोग ये कह रहे हैं :शहज़ादे की जुबां फिसल गई आदतन। कौन सा आसमान टूट पड़ा। 

अफ़सोससनक है इन असत्यानंदों में आपस में भी एका नहीं है। राहुल का लैंग्विज सचिव कुछ और कह रहा है वह राहुल को सही ठहरा रहा है उनके भाषिक प्रयोग को आंचलिक बतला रहा है।

"राजस्थान में   पचत्तीस ..... पिचत्तिस लाख बे -रोज़गार लोग हैं "-'भारतीय राजनीति के राहु' शहज़ादा राहुल 

The BJP has claimed a viral video showed that a Congress candidate in the Rajasthan Assembly polls "stopped" a party worker from chanting "Bharat mata ki jai" and instead asked him to raise slogans for Sonia Gandhi.

NEW DELHI: The BJP has attacked the Congress party over a video which went viral on social media showing a Congress leader from Rajasthan asking party workers to chant 'Sonia Gandhi zindabad' instead of 'Bharat mata ki jai'. The saffron party has termed it as an insult to the 'Bharat mata'.

Citing the same video, BJP president Amit Shah also claimed a Congress candidate in the Rajasthan Assembly polls "stopped" a party worker from chanting "Bharat mata ki jai" and instead asked him to raise slogans for former party president Sonia Gandhi. 

Related

Did Congress leader say 'Bharat mata nahi, Sonia Gandhi ki jai'? | Election Viral

He attacked the Congress on Monday at public meetings in Madhya Pradesh, claiming the incident showed that the party had no other concern except for promoting one family.

"The Congress should be ashamed. What is your priority? What is in your heart? You have no right to eat grains of this earth if a slogan hailing mother India does not inspire you to do something for the country. This shows the ugly mindset of the Congress," Shah said.

BD Kalla, a former Rajasthan Congress president and party's candidate from Bikaner (West), however, said he never asked party workers to stop chanting 'Bharat mata ki jai'. He said he is a candidate of a party which fought for country's freedom.

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